What is meant by signal amplification during cell signaling? a. There are multiple steps involving enzymes, each of which can activate multiple substrate molecules. b. The first messenger activates the production of effector molecules which accumulate w

Answer: Signal amplification during cell signaling refers to the process by which a signal initiates a cascade of reactions resulting in a much larger response than the original signal. This can occur through multiple mechanisms, such as multiple steps involving enzymes, each of which can activate multiple substrate molecules (option a), the accumulation of effector molecules within the cell (option b), the phosphorylation of multiple receptors by one signaling molecule (option c), or the activation of multiple receptors by an activated receptor (option d). Through these mechanisms, a small initial signal can lead to a large and varied response within the cell.